====== Green Goblin ======
===== Part 1: The Dossier: An At-a-Glance Summary =====
  *   **Core Identity:** **The Green Goblin is the ultimate chaotic nemesis of [[spider-man]], a brilliant industrialist driven to theatrical, psychopathic villainy by a super-soldier serum that fractured his mind, making him a symbol of how genius curdles into madness.**
  *   **Key Takeaways:**
  * **Role in the Universe:** Primarily serving as the arch-enemy of [[spider-man]], the Green Goblin represents a deeply personal and psychological threat. Unlike many of Spider-Man's foes, Norman Osborn's conflict is rooted in a twisted father-son dynamic and a battle of intellects, not just physical power. He is the villain who has inflicted the most permanent and painful losses upon Peter Parker.
  * **Primary Impact:** The Green Goblin is single-handedly responsible for one of the most pivotal moments in comic book history: the death of [[gwen_stacy]]. This act ended the Silver Age of Comics, ushering in a darker, more mature era of storytelling and permanently cementing the Goblin as Spider-Man's most hated and feared adversary.
  * **Key Incarnations:** In the primary comic universe ([[earth_616]]), the Green Goblin identity is a mantle passed down, most famously from Norman Osborn to his son, [[harry_osborn]]. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) focuses exclusively on the Norman Osborn version, pulling the character played by Willem Dafoe from the Sam Raimi //Spider-Man// film universe into the mainline MCU timeline via multiverse shenanigans in //Spider-Man: No Way Home//.
===== Part 2: Origin and Evolution =====
==== Publication History and Creation ====
The Green Goblin first soared into the pages of Marvel Comics in **//The Amazing Spider-Man #14//** (July 1964). He was the brainchild of the legendary creative duo, writer [[stan_lee]] and artist [[steve_ditko]]. Initially, the Goblin was presented as a mysterious new crime lord, equipped with a bizarre arsenal of Halloween-themed weaponry like pumpkin bombs and a rocket-powered "flying broomstick," which was quickly redesigned into the iconic Goblin Glider.
A crucial element of the character's early appeal was the mystery of his true identity. For nearly three years and 25 issues, readers were left to speculate about the man behind the terrifying mask. This long-running subplot was a source of considerable creative friction between Lee and Ditko. Ditko reportedly intended for the Goblin to be a new, previously unknown character, emphasizing that any ordinary person could be driven to such madness. Stan Lee, however, favored a more dramatic and personal reveal, pushing for the villain to be Norman Osborn, the father of Peter Parker's best friend, Harry. Lee's vision ultimately won out after Ditko's departure from the title. The unmasking occurred in **//The Amazing Spider-Man #39//** (August 1966), a landmark issue that forever intertwined the lives of Peter Parker and the Osborn family, creating one of the most compelling and tragic rivalries in all of fiction.
==== In-Universe Origin Story ====
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ===
Norman Osborn was a ruthless, ambitious, and brilliant chemical engineer and co-founder of the powerful corporation, [[oscorp]]. Obsessed with power and wealth, Norman discovered the notes of his business partner, Professor Mendel Stromm, for a strength-enhancing serum. When Osborn discovered Stromm was embezzling funds, he had him framed and arrested, giving him sole access to the experimental formula.
Working to recreate the serum in his private lab, Norman made adjustments to the highly unstable chemical compound. The volatile mixture turned a lurid green and exploded in his face. The explosion was immense, hospitalizing Osborn for weeks. When he awoke, he found his physical abilities had been enhanced to superhuman levels, but at a catastrophic cost. The chemical bath had shattered his sanity, erasing his inhibitions and amplifying his ambition and cruelty into full-blown megalomania. It created a separate, cackling persona: the Green Goblin.
Driven by his newfound insanity and power, Osborn aspired to become the ultimate crime lord of New York City's underworld. He designed a grotesque goblin costume to play on common fears, and using his engineering genius, he developed a high-tech arsenal. This included the high-speed, maneuverable Goblin Glider for aerial supremacy, explosive and gas-filled Pumpkin Bombs, electro-blast gloves, and sharp, bat-shaped "Razor Bats." As the Green Goblin, he set his sights on the new hero of New York, Spider-Man, seeing him not just as an obstacle but as a worthy opponent to test his power against. This obsession would grow into a deeply personal and destructive vendetta after he deduced Spider-Man's identity as Peter Parker, the classmate and best friend of his own neglected son, Harry.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ===
The MCU's Green Goblin, as seen in //Spider-Man: No Way Home//, is a direct continuation of the character from Sam Raimi's 2002 //Spider-Man// film (a non-MCU reality, later designated Earth-96283). In this timeline, Norman Osborn was the CEO of Oscorp, facing the loss of a crucial military contract with the U.S. government. Desperate to prove his performance-enhancing super-soldier formula was a success, he ignored the warnings of his lead scientist and subjected himself to the experimental gas.
Much like his comic counterpart, the formula granted him incredible superhuman strength, speed, and stamina. However, it also created a violent, sadistic split personality—the Green Goblin. This Goblin persona, whispering to him and appearing in his reflection, convinced Norman to embrace his power. He stole Oscorp's advanced armored flight suit and the Goblin Glider, murdered his scientific rival, and systematically eliminated the military board members who had cancelled his contract.
His origin within the prime MCU timeline (Earth-199999) is not one of creation, but of //transportation//. During the events of //No Way Home//, a botched spell by Doctor Strange intended to make the world forget Peter Parker's identity instead pulled individuals from across the multiverse who knew Peter Parker was Spider-Man into the MCU. This included the Norman Osborn from the Raimi-verse, who was pulled across moments before his death during his final battle with his world's Spider-Man. Initially, the frightened and disoriented Norman sought help from Peter Parker, but the malevolent Goblin persona eventually reasserted control, proving to be the most dangerous and unhinged of all the multiversal villains. The MCU's take emphasizes the tragedy of Norman's condition, portraying him as a man genuinely at war with the monster inside him.
===== Part 3: Abilities, Equipment & Personality =====
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ===
==== Powers and Abilities ====
The "Goblin Formula" granted Norman Osborn a range of superhuman abilities, placing him far above the level of a peak human.
  * **Superhuman Strength:** The formula significantly amplified his physical strength. While not on the level of [[the_hulk]] or [[thor]], he is strong enough to lift approximately 9-10 tons. This allows him to overpower Spider-Man in direct physical confrontations, break through brick walls with ease, and bend steel bars.
  * **Superhuman Stamina & Durability:** His musculature produces far fewer fatigue toxins than an ordinary human, allowing him to exert himself at peak capacity for hours. His body is also incredibly durable, capable of withstanding tremendous impact forces, such as falls from great heights or blows from super-powered individuals, that would kill a normal person.
  * **Superhuman Agility & Reflexes:** His agility, balance, and bodily coordination are enhanced to levels beyond the finest human athlete. His reflexes are similarly heightened, allowing him to react to Spider-Man's attacks and dodge projectiles with astonishing speed.
  * **Regenerative Healing Factor:** Osborn possesses an accelerated healing ability that allows him to recover from injuries faster than a normal human. While not as potent as the healing factors of [[wolverine]] or [[deadpool]], it has allowed him to survive grievous wounds, including being impaled by his own Goblin Glider.
  * **Genius-Level Intellect:** Even without the formula, Norman Osborn is one of the most brilliant minds on Earth. He is a master of genetics, robotics, chemistry, and engineering. This intellect allows him to invent and maintain his advanced weaponry, devise incredibly complex and far-reaching schemes, and out-think his opponents on a strategic level. His cunning and manipulative skills are arguably his most dangerous weapons.
==== Equipment and Arsenal ====
The Green Goblin's technology is a cornerstone of his identity, a perfect blend of advanced engineering and macabre, theatrical design.
  * **Goblin Glider:** His primary mode of transportation and a formidable weapon. The glider is a high-speed, highly maneuverable platform capable of near-silent flight. It is armed with machine guns, heat-seeking missiles, and built-in blades. Norman has an almost psychic link to the glider, able to control it remotely.
  * **Pumpkin Bombs:** The Goblin's signature weapon. These are not simple explosives. He has designed numerous variations:
    * //Incendiary Bombs:// Standard high-explosive grenades.
    * //Gas/Smoke Bombs:// Release various chemical agents, from hallucinogens and anesthetics to choking gases and smoke screens.
    * //"Ghost" Bombs:// A specialized bomb that phases its target's hearing and vision out of sync with reality, causing extreme disorientation.
  * **Razor Bats:** Sharp, bat-shaped throwing projectiles, similar to shuriken, that are often remote-controlled and can seek out targets.
  * **Electro-Blast Gloves:** Woven into his gloves are micro-circuited energy projectors that can fire powerful electrical blasts of up to 10,000 volts, capable of stunning or even killing a target.
  * **Goblin Suit:** The classic purple and green costume is made of a chain-mail-like fabric, offering protection from ballistics and physical impacts. The mask contains a gas filter, an advanced communication system, and lenses that enhance his vision.
==== Personality ====
The core of the character is the terrifying duality between Norman Osborn and the Green Goblin.
  * **Norman Osborn:** As a civilian, Norman is the epitome of a ruthless corporate tycoon. He is arrogant, prideful, manipulative, and emotionally abusive, particularly towards his son, Harry. He is obsessed with legacy, power, and the perception of strength, viewing compassion and vulnerability as weaknesses.
  * **The Green Goblin:** When the Goblin persona is dominant, all of Norman's worst traits are amplified and stripped of any pretense of civility. The Goblin is a cackling, sadistic madman who revels in chaos and cruelty. He is theatrical and loves to monologue, seeing his battles with Spider-Man as a grand performance. He is dangerously unpredictable, driven by impulse and a profound desire to inflict psychological torment just as much as physical harm. Over the years, these two personalities have sometimes merged, creating an even more terrifying foe: a fully sane Norman Osborn with complete access to the Goblin's power and sadism, but guided by his own cold, calculating intelligence.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ===
==== Powers and Abilities ====
The MCU version, being the Raimi-verse character, has a power set largely consistent with the comics, but with a more grounded, cinematic interpretation.
  * **Superhuman Strength:** Demonstrated to be more than a match for Tom Holland's Spider-Man, capable of catching punches, breaking free of his webs, and beating him to a pulp in close quarters.
  * **Superhuman Durability:** He survives a point-blank explosion from one of his own Pumpkin Bombs with minimal injury and withstands a brutal beating from an enraged Spider-Man that would have killed any normal human many times over.
  * **Enhanced Agility and Reflexes:** He is fast enough to react to Spider-Man's web-shooters and combat maneuvers, often catching the young hero by surprise.
  * **Healing Factor:** Though not explicitly named, it's heavily implied. He recovers remarkably quickly from injuries, and it's this enhancement that Doctor Octopus notes is being "cured" by [[iron_man]]'s technology.
==== Equipment and Arsenal ====
The MCU/Raimi-verse equipment is depicted as advanced military prototypes, giving it a more metallic, technological aesthetic.
  * **Oscorp Armor:** A segmented, metallic green suit of armor that offers significant protection from physical trauma and small arms fire. The helmet features glowing yellow optic lenses and an internal heads-up display.
  * **Goblin Glider:** A more complex, weaponized military craft than its comic counterpart. It features retractable blades on the front, machine guns, and small rockets. It is depicted as being incredibly fast and agile.
  * **Pumpkin Bombs:** These are presented as advanced military grenades. They have a distinctive blinking light and a high-yield explosive charge, capable of disintegrating people into skeletons almost instantly.
==== Personality ====
Willem Dafoe's portrayal is famous for its masterful depiction of the character's fractured psyche.
  * **Norman Osborn:** This version of Norman is initially more sympathetic. He is a brilliant but desperate man, a father who loves his son but is under immense pressure. When transported to the MCU, he is terrified, confused, and genuinely remorseful for his actions, actively seeking a cure.
  * **The Green Goblin:** The Goblin persona is a separate, malevolent entity that talks to Norman, mocking his weakness and goading him into violence. It is pure, unadulterated id—a creature of rage, sadism, and chaos. The physical transformation when the Goblin takes over is palpable; Dafoe's voice deepens, and his face contorts into a predatory grin. This Goblin is less of a crime lord and more of a nihilistic terrorist who wants to "remake" Peter by forcing him to abandon his morality. He is cruelly intelligent, immediately deducing the emotional significance of [[aunt_may]] to Peter and targeting her to inflict maximum pain.
===== Part 4: Key Relationships & Network =====
==== Core Allies ====
The Green Goblin is notoriously difficult to work with and rarely maintains true alliances. His relationships are almost exclusively built on manipulation, coercion, or temporary shared goals.
  * **Harry Osborn:** Norman's relationship with his son is the most tragic and defining of his life. In Earth-616, Norman was a cold and demanding father, constantly expressing his disappointment in Harry. This emotional abuse, combined with the trauma of discovering his father was the Green Goblin, led Harry to follow in his footsteps, becoming the second Green Goblin to seek revenge on Spider-Man. Norman's manipulation of Harry, even from beyond the grave, is a testament to his cruelty.
  * **Doctor Octopus:** While often at odds, the two scientific geniuses have teamed up on several occasions, most notably as founding members of the [[sinister_six]]. Their alliance is always fraught with tension, as both men are arrogant megalomaniacs who see themselves as the natural leader.
  * **The Cabal / Dark Avengers:** During the //Dark Reign// saga, Norman Osborn, in his "reformed" public persona, formed a secret alliance of supervillains known as the Cabal (including [[doctor_doom]], [[loki]], and [[namor]]) to control the world. He also created his own team of "Dark Avengers," consisting of villains posing as heroes, showcasing his ability to manipulate public perception on a global scale.
==== Arch-Enemies ====
  * **Spider-Man (Peter Parker):** This is the definitive arch-rivalry in the Marvel Universe. It transcends a simple hero-villain dynamic. For the Goblin, Spider-Man is a symbol of the defiant, witty heroism that he despises. For Spider-Man, the Goblin is the man who murdered the first love of his life, Gwen Stacy. The conflict is deeply psychological; Norman knows Peter's identity and uses this knowledge to attack his loved ones, turning their battles into intensely personal ordeals. They are the dark reflections of one another: both empowered by a scientific accident, but one chose responsibility while the other embraced chaos.
==== Affiliations ====
  * **[[Oscorp]]:** As its founder and CEO, Oscorp is Norman's power base, the source of his wealth, and the birthplace of the technology that fuels his villainy.
  * **[[Sinister_Six]]:** The Green Goblin is a frequent, though not always original, member of this supervillain team. He often vies for leadership with [[doctor_octopus]], believing his intellect and power make him the superior choice to lead the charge against Spider-Man.
  * **H.A.M.M.E.R.:** During his time as the director of global security, Norman dismantled [[shield]] and replaced it with his own paramilitary organization, H.A.M.M.E.R. This gave him control over vast military and intelligence resources, making him one of the most powerful men on the planet.
===== Part 5: Iconic Events & Storylines =====
==== The Night Gwen Stacy Died (The Amazing Spider-Man #121-122) ====
This 1973 storyline is arguably the most important in Green Goblin's and Spider-Man's history. After regaining his memory of Spider-Man's identity, a vengeful Norman Osborn kidnaps Peter's girlfriend, Gwen Stacy. He takes her to the top of the George Washington Bridge (often artistically rendered as the Brooklyn Bridge). In the ensuing battle, the Goblin hurls Gwen off the bridge. Spider-Man shoots a web line to save her, catching her by the ankle. However, the whiplash effect of the sudden stop snaps her neck. The comic's text explicitly states, "//She was dead before my webbing reached her... a fall from that height would kill anyone.//" but the "snap" sound effect has led to decades of debate and interpretation that Peter's own rescue attempt inadvertently killed her. Enraged beyond measure, Spider-Man tracks the Goblin to a warehouse and nearly kills him, only stopping at the last second. The Goblin, in a final act of treachery, remotely pilots his glider to impale Peter from behind. Warned by his Spider-Sense, Peter dodges, and the glider impales Norman instead, seemingly killing him. This event's raw, tragic finality was a watershed moment for mainstream comics.
==== Dark Reign ====
Following the events of //Secret Invasion//, Norman Osborn delivered the killing shot to the Skrull Queen Veranke on live television. The world, desperate for a hero, embraced him. The U.S. President granted him control of all national security, leading him to dissolve S.H.I.E.L.D. and create H.A.M.M.E.R. He formed his own "Dark Avengers" team, with villains like Bullseye and Venom masquerading as Hawkeye and Spider-Man. As the team's "leader," Norman created the [[iron_patriot]] armor, a blend of Iron Man's technology and Captain America's iconography, to become a twisted symbol of American heroism. This era saw Norman Osborn at the peak of his power, not as a cackling madman in the shadows, but as the world's top cop, a position he used to hunt heroes and consolidate his own power until his hubris led him to invade Asgard in the //Siege// storyline, which caused his public downfall.
==== Goblin King: Superior Spider-Man ====
While Doctor Octopus had taken over Peter Parker's body and was operating as the "Superior Spider-Man," Norman Osborn secretly returned from the shadows. Operating underground, he built a new criminal empire, unifying various gangs under his banner as the "Goblin King." He remained hidden, masterfully manipulating events and waiting for the right moment to strike. He systematically dismantled Octavius's control over the city's technology and crime-fighting infrastructure. When he finally revealed himself, he had an entire army of Goblin-themed followers. This storyline showcased Norman's strategic genius and patience, proving that he is just as dangerous as a calculating mastermind as he is as a chaotic maniac. It took Peter Parker, having finally regained control of his body, to ultimately defeat him.
===== Part 6: Variants and Alternative Versions =====
  * **Harry Osborn (Earth-616):** The most significant variant. After his father's apparent death, Harry found the Goblin's equipment. Swearing revenge on Spider-Man, whom he blamed for his father's death, he took up the mantle. His time as the Green Goblin was marked by instability and tragedy, as the Goblin Formula had a different, more debilitating effect on him. He eventually died a hero, saving Spider-Man and his own family, though he has since been resurrected through deals with demons like Mephisto.
  * **Ultimate Green Goblin (Earth-1610):** In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Norman Osborn's transformation is radically different. The OZ Formula (the super-soldier serum in this reality) transforms him into a large, monstrous, Hulk-like creature with green skin, horns, and the ability to manifest pyrotechnic energy blasts from his hands. This version is less of a schemer and more of a force of nature. He is directly responsible for the creation of his universe's Spider-Man (the OZ-infected spider that bit Peter came from his lab) and is ultimately the one who succeeds in killing Peter Parker.
  * **Green Goblin (Spider-Man: The Animated Series):** This 1990s adaptation presented a very faithful version of the Norman/Goblin dynamic. The series heavily emphasized the split-personality aspect, with the Goblin persona frequently tormenting Norman. A key storyline involved the Goblin discovering interdimensional travel technology, making him a multiversal threat long before it became a common trope.
  * **Hobgoblin:** While not a version of the Green Goblin, the [[hobgoblin]] is a direct legacy character. Created after Norman's death, the mystery of the Hobgoblin's identity (eventually revealed to be fashion designer Roderick Kingsley) mirrored the original Goblin mystery. Kingsley found one of Norman's old lairs, modified the equipment and formula, and created his own, more sane and profit-driven criminal persona.
===== See Also =====
  * [[spider-man]]
  * [[norman_osborn]]
  * [[harry_osborn]]
  * [[gwen_stacy]]
  * [[oscorp]]
  * [[sinister_six]]
  * [[dark_reign]]
===== Notes and Trivia =====
((Co-creator Steve Ditko famously left //The Amazing Spider-Man// over creative differences with Stan Lee, one of which was the Goblin's identity. Ditko wanted the man behind the mask to be a random nobody, to show that evil could come from anywhere. Lee insisted on the more dramatic choice of Norman Osborn.))
((The infamous and highly controversial 2006 storyline //Sins Past// retconned that Norman Osborn had a secret affair with Gwen Stacy before her death, resulting in her giving birth to twins, Gabriel and Sarah. This storyline is deeply unpopular with many fans and is often ignored in modern comics.))
((In the Sam Raimi films and the MCU, Norman's line "You know, I'm something of a scientist myself" has become a massive internet meme, one of the most recognizable quotes from any superhero film.))
((Willem Dafoe's performance as the Green Goblin is widely considered one of the greatest portrayals of a supervillain in film history. He actively pushed to perform his own stunts for //Spider-Man: No Way Home// to ensure the character's physicality felt authentic.))
((Over the years, several other characters have briefly taken on the Green Goblin mantle, including the psychiatrist Dr. Bart Hamilton and the geneticist Phil Urich (who later became the Hobgoblin and then the Goblin Knight).))