====== Hulk ======
===== Part 1: The Dossier: An At-a-Glance Summary =====
  *   **Core Identity: A tortured genius haunted by his past, Dr. Bruce Banner is cursed to transform into the Hulk, a gamma-powered engine of destruction whose limitless strength is fueled by his own uncontrollable rage.**
  *   **Key Takeaways:**
  * **Role in the Universe:** The Hulk is Marvel's preeminent personification of the "monster within," a modern-day Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde narrative exploring duality, trauma, and identity. He is both a founding member of the [[avengers|Avengers]] and one of the world's most catastrophic threats, a living weapon of mass destruction that heroes and villains alike seek to control or destroy.
  * **Primary Impact:** Beyond his physical impact, the Hulk's greatest influence is the constant, high-stakes question he poses to the Marvel Universe: can a monster be a hero? His storylines consistently push the boundaries of power, morality, and forgiveness, forcing other characters to confront the thin line between man and beast. His existence is a perpetual [[gamma_radiation]]-fueled crisis.
  * **Key Incarnations:** The core difference lies in complexity. The Earth-616 comics feature a vast, fractured psyche with dozens of distinct Hulk personas (Savage, Joe Fixit, Professor, Green Scar, Immortal), each a product of [[bruce_banner|Bruce Banner's]] deep-seated trauma. The [[mcu|Marvel Cinematic Universe]] streamlines this into a more linear progression, focusing on Banner's struggle for control and culminating in a stable "Smart Hulk" fusion, largely omitting the darker, psychological horror elements of the source material.
===== Part 2: Origin and Evolution =====
==== Publication History and Creation ====
The Incredible Hulk first smashed his way into popular culture in **//The Incredible Hulk// #1**, published in May 1962. He was the co-creation of the legendary duo, writer **Stan Lee** and artist **Jack Kirby**, the architects of much of the early Marvel Universe. Lee's concept was a deliberate fusion of classic literary monsters, drawing heavy inspiration from Robert Louis Stevenson's //Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde// and Mary Shelley's //Frankenstein//. He wanted to create a monster who, unlike Frankenstein's creation, was not merely misunderstood but was the hero of the story.
The initial series was a departure from other Marvel titles of the era. Instead of a confident, celebrated hero, the Hulk was a tragic figure, hunted and feared. Interestingly, in his very first appearance, the Hulk was not green but **grey**. Stan Lee intended for the grey skin to evoke a monstrous, mysterious feeling, but the four-color printing technology of the time struggled with the shade, resulting in inconsistent tones from panel to panel. For the second issue, Lee made the decisive call to change the skin color to the far more consistent and visually striking green, a color that would become synonymous with the character forever.
Despite the character's eventual iconic status, his first solo series was a commercial failure and was canceled after only six issues. However, the Hulk's popularity grew through numerous guest appearances in other titles, most notably //Fantastic Four// and //The Avengers//, where he was a founding member. He eventually earned a co-starring feature in the anthology series //Tales to Astonish//, which was later renamed //The Incredible Hulk//, launching him on a path to becoming one of Marvel's most recognizable and enduring characters.
==== In-Universe Origin Story ====
The creation of the Hulk is a cornerstone event in the Marvel Universe, a cautionary tale of atomic age science and personal tragedy. However, the specifics of this origin differ significantly between the primary comic continuity and its cinematic adaptation.
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ===
In the prime Marvel continuity, **Dr. Robert Bruce Banner** is a world-renowned genius in nuclear physics, possessing an intellect so vast it rivals figures like [[tony_stark|Tony Stark]] and [[reed_richards|Reed Richards]]. Plagued by a lifetime of repressed anger stemming from a deeply abusive childhood at the hands of his father, Brian Banner, Bruce poured his life into his work for the U.S. military.
He was tasked with designing and overseeing the first test of the "Gamma Bomb," a weapon of immense destructive power, at a remote desert test site in New Mexico. On the day of the test, moments before detonation, Banner spotted a teenager named **Rick Jones** who had recklessly driven his car onto the test range. In a moment of pure, selfless heroism, Banner ordered his colleague Igor Starsky to halt the countdown while he raced to save the boy. Starsky, secretly a Soviet agent, allowed the countdown to continue.
Banner managed to shove Rick into a protective trench just as the Gamma Bomb detonated. While Rick was shielded, Banner was caught in the open, absorbing a massive, direct dose of gamma radiation. Miraculously, he survived, but the radiation triggered a monstrous transformation. The gamma rays did not create the monster from nothing; rather, they unlocked the rage and trauma Banner had suppressed his entire life, giving it physical form.
Initially, the transformation was tied to the sunset, with Banner changing into a cunning, intelligent but brutish **Grey Hulk** each night. This persona was later retconned to be the very first Hulk. Soon after, the transformation's trigger shifted to moments of intense emotion—specifically anger, fear, or pain—and the persona that emerged was the more famous **Savage Hulk**: a green-skinned behemoth with the intellect of a small child, immense strength, and a simple desire to be left alone. This became the tragic status quo for decades, with the brilliant Bruce Banner and the misunderstood Savage Hulk forever locked in a war for control of their shared body.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ===
The MCU's origin for the Hulk, primarily detailed in the opening credits of //The Incredible Hulk// (2008), re-frames the narrative from a heroic accident to a failed experiment. In this continuity, **General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross** recruits Dr. Banner for a military bio-tech force enhancement project. Ross tells Banner the goal is to make soldiers immune to radiation; in reality, he is attempting to recreate the Super-Soldier Serum that created [[captain_america|Captain America]].
Unaware of the project's true nature, the ambitious Banner becomes convinced of his research's potential. In a moment of hubris, he experiments on himself, combining what he believes is a radiation-resistance formula with a dose of gamma radiation. The experiment goes horribly wrong. The gamma radiation triggers a catastrophic mutation, transforming him into the Hulk for the first time. The resulting rampage destroys the lab and injures General Ross and the love of his life, his daughter **Betty Ross**.
This alteration makes Banner more directly responsible for his condition. He was not trying to save a bystander but was a participant in his own creation, a key change that deepens his personal guilt and fuels his initial desperation to find a cure. This version of the Hulk is immediately a fugitive, hunted by Ross and the U.S. military. The MCU bypasses the Grey Hulk phase entirely, establishing the green-skinned, rage-fueled Hulk as the primary alter ego from the outset. The focus of the MCU narrative becomes less about multiple personalities and more about the binary struggle between Banner and the "Other Guy," leading to his eventual integration into the "Smart Hulk" persona seen in //Avengers: Endgame//.
===== Part 3: Abilities, Personas & Physiology =====
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ===
The Hulk's power is one of the most dynamic and potentially limitless forces in the Marvel Universe, rooted in his unique gamma-mutated physiology and fractured psyche.
  *   **Gamma Radiation Physiology:** The Hulk's body is a living gamma reactor. It absorbs, processes, and emits vast quantities of gamma energy, which is the source of all his powers. The most critical aspect of this is the famous adrenal feedback loop: **the angrier he gets, the stronger he gets.** This is not hyperbole; his potential for strength, durability, and regeneration is, theoretically, infinite as long as his rage continues to escalate.
  *   **Superhuman Strength:** The Hulk's baseline strength is already immense, easily placing him in the "Class 100+" category, the highest measurable tier. At a calm state, he can lift far in excess of 100 tons. However, this is merely his starting point. His feats of strength when sufficiently enraged are legendary and border on the cosmic:
  * He has held together the tectonic plates of a planet.
  * He once destroyed an asteroid stated to be twice the size of Earth with a single punch.
  * During the //Secret Wars// event, he supported the weight of an entire mountain range dropped on him by the Beyonder.
  * His "World-Breaker" persona's footsteps alone generated enough seismic energy to threaten the entire Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
  *   **Superhuman Durability and Healing:** The Hulk's body is nearly invulnerable. His dense skin and muscle can withstand ballistic missiles, extreme temperatures, and planetary re-entry. He has taken direct hits from [[thor_odinson|Thor's]] hammer Mjolnir and blasts from the Silver Surfer. What truly makes him unstoppable is his regenerative healing factor, which is among the most potent in existence. He can regenerate massive amounts of tissue, vital organs, and even limbs in moments. This healing also makes him immune to all terrestrial diseases and toxins.
  *   **Other Abilities:** Beyond raw strength, he possesses superhuman stamina that allows him to fight for days on end, and his powerful leg muscles enable him to leap across continents and even achieve low orbital velocity. He can also adapt to hostile environments, developing glands that allow him to breathe underwater or survive in the vacuum of space.
==== The Many Personas of the Hulk ====
The true depth of the comic book Hulk lies in his fractured mind, where numerous distinct personalities vie for control. These are not just mood swings; they are fully-fledged identities born from Banner's trauma.
  * **Savage Hulk:** The most famous persona. Green-skinned, possessing the mind of a child, and speaking in broken English ("Hulk smash!"). He represents Banner's childhood rage and pain. While not intelligent, he is emotionally perceptive and simply wants to be left in peace.
  * **Joe Fixit (Grey Hulk):** The original Hulk persona to emerge. He is smaller and weaker than the Savage Hulk, but far more cunning, intelligent, and morally ambiguous. For a time, he worked as a mob enforcer in Las Vegas under the name "Joe Fixit," enjoying the hedonistic lifestyle Banner denied himself.
  * **Professor Hulk (The Merged Hulk):** For a time, psychiatrist Doc Samson integrated the Banner, Savage Hulk, and Grey Hulk personas into a single, stable being. This "Professor Hulk" possessed Banner's intellect, Joe Fixit's cunning, and the Savage Hulk's potential for strength. He was seen as the ideal state, but had a psychological failsafe: if his anger became too extreme, he would revert to a savage Banner persona with the Hulk's body, a far more dangerous combination.
  * **Green Scar / World-Breaker Hulk:** The Hulk that emerged from the events of //Planet Hulk// and //World War Hulk//. This version is a skilled warrior and brilliant strategist with the full power of the Savage Hulk, fueled by a righteous, focused rage. At his peak, he enters a "World-Breaker" state, leaking so much gamma energy that he becomes a planetary-level threat.
  * **Immortal Hulk (Devil Hulk):** A modern, terrifying reimagining. This persona is a malevolent but fiercely protective father figure, an ancient entity connected to a cosmic force known as the One-Below-All. He is highly intelligent, articulate, and cruel. Critically, this persona ensures Banner can never truly die; if Banner is killed during the day, the Immortal Hulk will resurrect his shattered body at night, making him effectively immortal.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ===
The MCU presents a more grounded and simplified version of the Hulk's abilities and personas, focusing on a clear progression toward integration.
  *   **Powers and Abilities:** The MCU Hulk's powers are visually spectacular but operate with more defined limits for storytelling purposes.
  * **Strength:** He is undeniably one of the strongest beings on Earth. He famously stopped a Chitauri Leviathan with one punch in //The Avengers//, held his own against Thor in //Thor: Ragnarok//, and was instrumental in many battles. However, his upper limit was clearly demonstrated when he was swiftly and brutally defeated by Thanos in close-quarters combat at the beginning of //Avengers: Infinity War//. This established a clear power ceiling that his comic counterpart does not possess.
  * **Durability:** He can withstand immense punishment, from high-caliber bullets to crashing through buildings. However, he can be harmed, as seen when he was beaten by Thanos or when the Hulkbuster armor managed to knock him unconscious.
  * **Regeneration:** His healing is present but far less emphasized than in the comics. His most significant injury comes from wielding the Nano Gauntlet to perform the "Blip," which permanently cripples his right arm, an injury that his comic counterpart's healing factor would likely have repaired.
  *   **Evolution of Personas:** The MCU streamlines the Hulk's internal conflict into a two-sided struggle that eventually finds resolution.
  * **The "Other Guy":** For most of his early appearances, the Hulk is treated as a separate, rage-filled entity that Banner refers to as "the other guy." Banner lives in constant fear of losing control, and the transformation is a violent, unwilling process.
  * **Sakaaran Champion:** During his two-year stay on Sakaar in //Thor: Ragnarok//, the Hulk is in control of the body. He develops a rudimentary vocabulary and a toddler-like personality, enjoying his life as a celebrated gladiator. Banner's consciousness is completely suppressed during this time.
  * **Smart Hulk:** The culmination of Banner's arc. In //Avengers: Endgame//, Banner reveals he has spent 18 months in a gamma lab, successfully merging his intelligence with the Hulk's brawn. This version is calm, articulate, and a celebrity. Critically, this stable fusion seems to have lost the rage-based power increase of the original Hulk, making him physically less formidable in exchange for perfect control. This is the MCU's version of Professor Hulk, but achieved through science rather than psychotherapy and without the underlying personality conflicts.
===== Part 4: Key Relationships & Network =====
==== Core Allies ====
  * **Rick Jones:** Arguably Banner's most important and enduring friend. Rick's presence on the test site was the catalyst for the Hulk's creation, a fact that has bonded them through decades of guilt and loyalty. Rick has served as the Hulk's anchor to humanity, often being the only person who could calm the beast.
  * **Betty Ross:** The love of Bruce Banner's life and the daughter of his greatest enemy. Their relationship is one of Marvel's most tragic love stories, constantly thwarted by his transformations, her father's interference, and death itself. She has always been a powerful humanizing force for Banner, and for a time, became the **Red She-Hulk**.
  * **The Avengers:** As a founding member, Hulk's place on the team is foundational but deeply conflicted. He is their ultimate powerhouse, a "code green" to be unleashed on overwhelming threats. Yet, he is also their greatest liability, a force they can't fully control. His friendships with teammates, particularly Tony Stark (the "Science Bros" of the MCU) and Thor (his "friend from work"), are key dynamics, but his relationship with the team as a whole is defined by a cycle of trust and betrayal.
  * **The Defenders:** Hulk was a founding member of the original Defenders alongside [[doctor_strange|Doctor Strange]], Namor the Sub-Mariner, and the Silver Surfer. This "non-team" of powerful outsiders was a perfect fit for the Hulk, as they came together only when needed and respected each other's solitary nature.
==== Arch-Enemies ====
  * **General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross:** Banner's most relentless and personal foe. For decades, Ross was a brilliant military strategist obsessed with hunting and destroying the Hulk, unable to see the man inside the monster. His obsession eventually consumed him, leading him to make a deal with demons to become the very thing he hated: the powerful, intelligent **Red Hulk**.
  * **The Leader (Samuel Sterns):** The Hulk's perfect opposite. Where Banner's accident granted him limitless physical power, a similar gamma accident gave the meek janitor Samuel Sterns superhuman intelligence and psionic abilities. The Leader is driven by an inferiority complex and an obsessive need to prove his mental superiority over the Hulk's brute force, making him the Hulk's intellectual arch-nemesis.
  * **The Abomination (Emil Blonsky):** The dark mirror to the Hulk. A KGB agent (or special-ops soldier in the MCU), Blonsky intentionally subjected himself to a massive dose of gamma radiation to become stronger than the Hulk. He succeeded, transforming into a reptilian monster who retained his human intellect. Unlike Banner, Blonsky is permanently trapped in his monstrous form. He is often physically stronger than a "calm" Hulk, forcing Banner's alter ego to push his rage to new levels to achieve victory.
==== Affiliations ====
  * **[[avengers|The Avengers]]:** A founder, but his membership is sporadic. He has quit, been kicked out, and rejoined the team multiple times across its various incarnations.
  * **[[defenders|The Defenders]]:** A founding member of the original, classic lineup. His power was essential to the team's ability to face cosmic and mystical threats.
  * **The Pantheon:** During his "Professor Hulk" phase, he became the leader of this secretive organization of super-powered individuals descended from the Greek hero Agamemnon. This period showcased his capacity for leadership and strategy.
  * **The Illuminati:** Hulk was never a member of this clandestine group of superhero leaders; he was their victim. Fearing his destructive potential, the Illuminati voted to exile him from Earth, tricking him into a spacecraft that sent him to Sakaar, directly causing the events of //Planet Hulk// and //World War Hulk//.
===== Part 5: Iconic Events & Storylines =====
==== Planet Hulk (2006-2007) ====
**Premise:** After a Hulk rampage destroys Las Vegas, the Illuminati decide he is too dangerous for Earth. They trick him into a mission to destroy a rogue satellite, then launch his ship into space, aimed at a peaceful, uninhabited planet. The ship is knocked off course by a wormhole and crash-lands on the brutal, gladiatorial planet of Sakaar.
**Hulk's Arc:** Depowered by the journey and the planet's atmosphere, Hulk is captured, branded with an obedience disk, and forced to fight in the gladiator pits of the tyrannical Red King. Instead of breaking, Hulk thrives. He forms a "Warbound" pact with his fellow gladiators, including Korg, Miek, and the shadow priest Hiroim. He embraces his warrior nature, winning the love of the people and leading a rebellion. He ultimately defeats the Red King and is crowned the new King of Sakaar, finding peace, acceptance, and love with his queen, Caiera.
**Impact:** This storyline was revolutionary. It removed Hulk from the context of the Marvel Universe and proved he could be a compelling hero, leader, and king in his own right. It gave him everything he ever wanted, only to have it cruelly snatched away.
==== World War Hulk (2007) ====
**Premise:** The shuttle that brought Hulk to Sakaar, intended as a monument to his new life, explodes, killing millions, including his pregnant wife Caiera. A heartbroken and enraged Hulk blames the Illuminati, believing they sabotaged the ship. He and his Warbound commandeer a stone starship and return to Earth for one purpose: vengeance.
**Hulk's Arc:** This is the Hulk at his most powerful and focused. Now calling himself the Green Scar, he systematically dismantles Earth's heroes. He defeats Black Bolt on the moon, crushes Iron Man's Hulkbuster armor, outmaneuvers Doctor Strange, and defeats the entire roster of active Avengers and X-Men. He turns Madison Square Garden into a gladiatorial arena, forcing the Illuminati to fight for their lives. His rage is so immense he enters the "World-Breaker" state, threatening the very planet.
**Impact:** The event cemented the Hulk as arguably the single most powerful physical force on Earth-616. It shattered relationships within the hero community and left deep scars, both physical and psychological. The war only ended when it was revealed that one of his own Warbound, Miek, had allowed the ship's warp core to rupture, making the tragedy an accident. The grief-stricken Hulk finally allowed himself to be defeated and taken into custody.
==== The Immortal Hulk (2018-2021) ====
**Premise:** Writer Al Ewing's critically acclaimed run reframes the Hulk not as a sci-fi creation, but as a supernatural horror entity. It establishes that due to the mystical nature of gamma radiation, Bruce Banner cannot die. If he is killed, a new, terrifyingly intelligent and malevolent persona—the "Devil Hulk"—will violently resurrect his body at night.
**Hulk's Arc:** This series is a deep dive into psychological and body horror. It explores Banner's fractured psyche as a system of alters, with the Devil Hulk acting as a monstrous protector against a world that has hurt Bruce. The narrative connects gamma radiation to a hellish dimension ruled by the One-Below-All, a cosmic entity of pure destruction that seeks to use the Hulk as its avatar.
**Impact:** //Immortal Hulk// revitalized the character for a new generation, becoming a commercial and critical smash hit. It added profound metaphysical and psychological layers to Hulk's mythology, re-contextualizing his entire history as a battle against both his inner demons and a literal devil. It is considered one of the greatest Hulk stories ever written.
===== Part 6: Variants and Alternative Versions =====
  *   **Ultimate Marvel (Earth-1610):** A deeply tragic and disturbing version of the character. This Bruce Banner is a neurotic, insecure scientist who, desperate to recreate the Super-Soldier serum, experiments on himself. The resulting Hulk is a grey-skinned, amoral, and occasionally cannibalistic monster. His first rampage killed over 800 civilians in Manhattan, cementing him as a mass-murderer rather than a misunderstood hero.
  *   **Maestro (Future Imperfect / Earth-9200):** A terrifying possible future for the Hulk. A century after a nuclear war wiped out most of Earth's heroes, the Hulk survived, absorbing the ambient radiation. This process drove him insane and vastly increased his power. Calling himself the Maestro, he possesses Banner's genius but is a cruel, depraved tyrant who rules the remnants of humanity with an iron fist. He is one of the Hulk's most dangerous villains, representing what he could become if he ever truly abandoned his humanity.
  *   **Old Man Logan (Earth-807128):** In this dystopian future, the villains won. The United States has been carved up into territories, and the Hulk Gang—the inbred, hillbilly descendants of the Hulk and his first cousin, She-Hulk—are the brutal landlords of California. The original Hulk is an elderly, pot-bellied, but still immensely powerful landlord who has become a monstrous, evil figure. He is ultimately killed when he devours Logan, who then regenerates inside his stomach and bursts out.
===== See Also =====
  * [[bruce_banner]]
  * [[avengers]]
  * [[general_ross]]
  * [[she-hulk]]
  * [[gamma_radiation]]
===== Notes and Trivia =====
((The Incredible Hulk television series (1978-1982), starring Bill Bixby as the doctor and Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, famously changed the character's first name from Bruce to David. The official reason given by the producers was that they felt "Bruce" sounded "too gay." Stan Lee claimed it was because they didn't want the show to sound like a comic book, disliking the alliterative names like Peter Parker and Reed Richards.))
((Lou Ferrigno, a professional bodybuilder, has remained deeply connected to the character. He provided the vocalizations for the Hulk in numerous animated series and even in the early MCU films, including //The Avengers// (2012).))
((The Hulk's iconic phrase, "The angrier I get, the stronger I get," was not a staple of his early comics. It was popularized by the 1970s TV show's opening narration.))
((During a period when The Thing temporarily left the Fantastic Four, the Hulk was briefly recruited as his replacement, showcasing a hilarious and chaotic team dynamic.))
((The concept of Hulk's many personalities being a result of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) caused by childhood abuse was introduced in the 1980s by writer Bill Mantlo and fully explored and cemented by writer Peter David in his legendary 12-year run on the title.))
((First Appearance: //The Incredible Hulk// #1 (May 1962). Creators: Stan Lee (writer) and Jack Kirby (artist).))