====== Captain America: Civil War ======
===== Part 1: The Dossier: An At-a-Glance Summary =====
  *   **Core Identity: A cataclysmic ideological schism within the superhero community, forcing heroes to choose between government oversight and personal freedom, ultimately pitting friend against friend in a devastating conflict led by Captain America and Iron Man.**
  *   **Key Takeaways:**
    *  **Role in the Universe:** //Civil War// serves as a foundational event in modern Marvel history, fundamentally restructuring the superhero landscape, dissolving long-standing alliances, and introducing a new era of accountability and consequence. It redefined the relationship between heroes and the governments they serve. [[superhuman_registration_act]], [[sokovia_accords]].
    *  **Primary Impact:** The conflict's most profound impact was the irreparable fracture of the relationship between [[captain_america|Steve Rogers]] and [[iron_man|Tony Stark]], the two pillars of the [[avengers]]. This schism had long-lasting repercussions, weakening Earth's defenses and paving the way for future crises like [[secret_invasion]] and the [[infinity_war|Infinity War]].
    *  **Key Incarnations:** The core conflict is consistent, but the catalyst and scale differ dramatically. The Earth-616 comic event was a universe-wide war sparked by a public tragedy involving the [[new_warriors|New Warriors]] and a demand for public registration. The MCU film is a more intimate, personal conflict triggered by collateral damage and centered on the Avengers' specific accountability and the manipulation of the [[winter_soldier|Winter Soldier]].
===== Part 2: The Catalyst for Conflict =====
==== Publication History and Creation ====
The //Civil War// limited series was a seven-issue comic book crossover event published by Marvel Comics from 2006 to 2007. The core story was conceived and written by [[mark_millar|Mark Millar]] with pencils by [[steve_mcniven|Steve McNiven]]. The concept emerged in a post-9/11 America, a period marked by intense debate over national security, civil liberties, and government surveillance, with legislation like the Patriot Act serving as a direct real-world parallel. Millar has stated he wanted to explore the question: "What happens when the public's trust in superheroes evaporates?" He intentionally crafted the argument to be nuanced, ensuring that both Captain America's and Iron Man's positions were valid and understandable, forcing readers to choose a side.
The event was a massive commercial and critical success for Marvel, becoming one of the best-selling and most influential storylines of the 21st century. Its success was bolstered by dozens of tie-in issues across Marvel's publishing line, showing the conflict's impact on characters from [[spider-man]] to the [[x-men]].
The film adaptation, //Captain America: Civil War//, was released in 2016. Directed by [[russo_brothers|Anthony and Joe Russo]] and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film served as the kick-off for Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The filmmakers faced the challenge of adapting a story with hundreds of characters into a cohesive film focused on a much smaller roster. They smartly pivoted the central conflict from a public registration debate to a more personal story about accountability for the Avengers' actions and the dark history of [[bucky_barnes|Bucky Barnes]], the Winter Soldier. This allowed the film to function as both a sequel to //Captain America: The Winter Soldier// and //Avengers: Age of Ultron//, effectively serving as "Avengers 2.5."
==== The In-Universe Triggers ====
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe): The Stamford Incident ===
The fuse for the Superhuman Civil War was lit in Stamford, Connecticut. The New Warriors, a team of young heroes starring in a reality TV show, attempted to apprehend a group of supervillains, including the incredibly powerful Nitro, to boost their ratings. During the confrontation, Nitro unleashed a massive self-detonation, wiping out the entire block. The explosion killed 612 civilians, including 60 schoolchildren at a nearby elementary school.
Public opinion, already simmering with distrust after events like the Hulk's rampage in Las Vegas and the Scarlet Witch's breakdown in //Avengers Disassembled//, turned violently against superheroes. The Stamford Incident was the final, horrific straw. It provided politicians and the public with a tangible tragedy to rally behind, creating overwhelming support for government regulation of all super-powered individuals. This led directly to the creation and proposed legislation of the **Superhuman Registration Act (SHRA)**, a law that would require any person in the United States with superhuman abilities to register with the federal government, reveal their secret identity, and undergo training to act as a government-sanctioned agent. The debate over this act was the ideological core of the war.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU): The Lagos Incident & The Sokovia Accords ===
In the MCU, the path to conflict was a series of escalating events demonstrating the Avengers' unchecked power and the devastating collateral damage they often left behind. The final catalyst occurred in Lagos, Nigeria. While pursuing former [[hydra]] operative Brock Rumlow (now [[crossbones|Crossbones]]), [[scarlet_witch|Wanda Maximoff]] attempts to contain a suicide bomb explosion by telekinetically diverting it. Tragically, she loses control and the blast destroys a nearby office building, killing numerous civilians, including Wakandan humanitarian aid workers.
This incident, broadcast worldwide, becomes the public face of the Avengers' recklessness. It adds to a growing list of destructive events: the Battle of New York ([[the_avengers_2012|The Avengers]]), the destruction of the Triskelion in Washington D.C. ([[captain_america_the_winter_soldier|The Winter Soldier]]), and the devastation of Sokovia ([[avengers_age_of_ultron|Age of Ultron]]). In response, United States Secretary of State [[thaddeus_ross|Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross]] presents the Avengers with the **Sokovia Accords**. Spearheaded by 117 nations, the Accords are a legal framework designed to put the Avengers under the direct control and supervision of a United Nations panel. The team would no longer be a private organization and could only be deployed when and where the panel deemed it necessary. The decision to sign or refuse the Accords is what directly splits the team.
===== Part 3: Timeline, Key Turning Points & Factions =====
This section breaks down the core conflict, the major players on each side, and the pivotal moments that defined the war in both major universes.
=== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ===
The comic book Civil War was a sprawling conflict that engulfed nearly every hero and villain in the Marvel Universe. The central issue was the Superhuman Registration Act (SHRA).
==== The Two Factions ====
^ **Pro-Registration (Led by Iron Man)** ^ **Anti-Registration (Led by Captain America)** ^
| **Ideology** | Superhumans are akin to weapons of mass destruction and must be trained, registered, and held accountable by the government to ensure public safety. Unmasked heroes build public trust. | Forcing heroes to unmask endangers their loved ones and turns them into political tools. Superpowers are an extension of an individual's rights; they cannot be legislated away. |
| **Key Members** | [[iron_man|Tony Stark]], [[mr_fantastic|Reed Richards]], [[hank_pym|Henry Pym (Yellowjacket)]], [[she-hulk|She-Hulk]], [[spider-man|Peter Parker (initially)]], [[the_sentry|The Sentry]], [[ms_marvel|Carol Danvers (Ms. Marvel)]] | [[captain_america|Steve Rogers]], [[luke_cage|Luke Cage]], [[daredevil|Daredevil (Danny Rand)]], [[falcon|Sam Wilson]], [[hercules|Hercules]], [[human_torch|Human Torch]], [[invisible_woman|Invisible Woman]], [[spider-man|Peter Parker (later)]] |
| **Tactics** | Utilized [[shield|S.H.I.E.L.D.]] resources, a government-funded team of "Cape-Killers," and even enlisted reformed supervillains (the [[thunderbolts|Thunderbolts]]) to hunt down unregistered heroes. | Operated as an underground resistance, dubbed the "Secret Avengers." They used a network of safe houses established by Nick Fury and focused on heroics while evading capture. |
==== Key Turning Points ====
  * **Spider-Man Unmasks:** In a massive press conference orchestrated by Tony Stark, Peter Parker publicly reveals his identity as Spider-Man to show support for the SHRA. This was one of the most shocking moments in Marvel history, fundamentally changing the character's status quo for years. It was a massive victory for the Pro-Registration side.
  * **The Death of Goliath:** During the first major confrontation between the two sides, the Pro-Registration faction deploys a secret weapon: a clone of [[thor|Thor]], created by Reed Richards and Tony Stark from a strand of the Asgardian's hair. The unstable clone, nicknamed "Ragnarok," goes berserk and murders Bill Foster, the hero Goliath, with a blast of lightning through his chest. This horrific event causes many to question the morality of Stark's side, leading to the defection of heroes like the Invisible Woman and Human Torch.
  * **Project 42 - The Negative Zone Prison:** It is revealed that Stark and Richards have constructed a massive prison in the Negative Zone, designated "Project 42," to house captured Anti-Registration heroes indefinitely and without trial. The inhumane conditions and denial of due process further cement Captain America's belief that he is on the right side of the conflict.
  * **Captain America's Surrender:** The final battle takes place in the heart of New York City. As Captain America is about to deliver the final blow to a beaten Iron Man, a group of first responders—police, firefighters, EMTs—tackle him to the ground. They show him the immense destruction their battle has caused. Horrified, Steve Rogers realizes they are no longer fighting for the people, but are endangering them. He sees the public's fear and understands he has lost the ideological war. He unmasks and surrenders to authorities, ordering his forces to stand down.
=== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ===
The MCU's Civil War was a more contained and personal affair, focusing almost exclusively on the Avengers and the direct consequences of their actions. The central issue was the Sokovia Accords.
==== The Two Factions ====
^ **Team Iron Man (Pro-Accords)** ^ **Team Captain America (Anti-Accords)** ^
| **Ideology** | The Avengers have operated without supervision for too long, causing immense collateral damage. Accountability and oversight from a governing body are necessary to legitimize their actions and regain public trust. | Giving control to a political panel means the Avengers could be prevented from acting when needed or, worse, be deployed for political agendas. The safest hands are still their own. |
| **Key Members** | [[iron_man|Tony Stark]], [[war_machine|James Rhodes]], [[black_widow|Natasha Romanoff]], [[vision|Vision]], [[black_panther|T'Challa]], [[spider-man|Peter Parker]] | [[captain_america|Steve Rogers]], [[winter_soldier|Bucky Barnes]], [[falcon|Sam Wilson]], [[hawkeye|Clint Barton]], [[scarlet_witch|Wanda Maximoff]], [[ant-man|Scott Lang]] |
| **Tactics** | Leveraged political power and legal authority through Secretary Ross. Tony Stark used his wealth and resources to track and contain the opposing team, recruiting new assets like Spider-Man. | Operated outside the law, focusing on proving Bucky's innocence and uncovering the true conspiracy. Their actions were covert until forced into open confrontation. |
==== Key Turning Points ====
  * **The Vienna Bombing:** During the ratification of the Sokovia Accords in Vienna, a bomb detonates, killing King T'Chaka of Wakanda. Security footage frames Bucky Barnes, the Winter Soldier, for the attack. This personalizes the conflict for T'Challa (who becomes the [[black_panther|Black Panther]] to seek vengeance) and forces Captain America to go rogue to protect his friend, whom he believes is innocent.
  * **The Airport Battle:** This is the film's centerpiece and the only major "battle" of the conflict. Team Captain America attempts to procure a quinjet to follow the true conspirator, [[helmut_zemo|Helmut Zemo]], to Siberia. They are intercepted at the Leipzig/Halle Airport by Team Iron Man. The resulting fight is spectacular but emotionally devastating, as friends pull their punches until the stakes are raised. The fight culminates in Vision accidentally crippling War Machine, and Captain America escaping with Bucky, leaving the rest of his team to be captured.
  * **Zemo's Reveal in Siberia:** Iron Man, having discovered Bucky was framed, follows Captain America and Bucky to a Siberian HYDRA facility, intending to call a truce. There, Zemo, a Sokovian colonel whose family was killed during Ultron's attack, reveals his master plan. He wasn't trying to unleash more Winter Soldiers; he was orchestrating the Avengers' downfall from within. He plays security footage from 1991, revealing that a brainwashed Winter Soldier was responsible for assassinating Tony Stark's parents, Howard and Maria Stark.
  * **The Final Fight and The Shield:** Enraged and grief-stricken, Tony attacks Bucky, seeking to kill him. Captain America is forced to defend his friend. The brutal, desperate fight in the HYDRA bunker ends with Captain America disabling Iron Man's armor. As he helps Bucky leave, Tony yells, "That shield doesn't belong to you. You don't deserve it! My father made that shield!" In a symbolic and heart-wrenching moment, Steve Rogers drops the shield and walks away, severing his identity as Captain America and his final tie to Tony Stark.
===== Part 4: The Aftermath and Legacy =====
==== Earth-616 (Prime Comic Universe) ====
The end of the war was not the end of its consequences. With Captain America's surrender, the Superhuman Registration Act became law.
  * **The Fifty-State Initiative:** Tony Stark was promoted to Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. and launched the Fifty-State Initiative, a program to install a government-sanctioned superhero team in every U.S. state.
  * **[[the_death_of_captain_america|The Death of Captain America]]:** While being taken to trial, Steve Rogers was assassinated on the steps of the federal courthouse by a brainwashed Sharon Carter, an act orchestrated by the Red Skull. His death sent shockwaves through the universe and left a massive void in the hero community.
  * **A Divided Community:** The hero community remained fractured. Luke Cage continued to lead the "Secret Avengers" as an underground resistance, refusing to register. The deep rifts of mistrust, particularly between those who sided with Iron Man and those who didn't, would fester for years.
  * **Paving the Way for Invasion:** The infighting, the death of Captain America, and Iron Man's controversial leadership left Earth's heroes divided and vulnerable. This created the perfect opportunity for the Skrulls to launch their [[secret_invasion]], as they had been replacing key figures on both sides of the conflict for years.
==== Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) ====
The cinematic Civil War left the Avengers completely shattered, setting the stage for the universe's greatest threat.
  * **Fugitive Heroes:** Captain America breaks his allies (Falcon, Hawkeye, Scarlet Witch, Ant-Man) out of the Raft, a high-security undersea prison. They, along with Black Widow who aided their escape, become international fugitives, forced to operate in the shadows.
  * **A Broken Team:** The Avengers as a concept is effectively dead. Tony Stark is left with a severely injured Rhodey, the Vision, and a teenage mentee in Peter Parker. He is isolated and wracked with guilt.
  * **The Parting Letter:** The film ends with Steve Rogers sending a flip phone to Tony, along with a letter apologizing for not telling him about his parents. He promises that if Tony ever needs him, he will be there. This small olive branch shows that their personal bond, though broken, is not entirely gone.
  * **Vulnerability to Thanos:** As [[bruce_banner|Bruce Banner]] warns in the opening of //Avengers: Infinity War//, Thanos arrives at a time when the Avengers are divided and scattered across the globe (and galaxy). Their inability to present a united front is a direct consequence of the Civil War and a major contributing factor to their initial defeat.
===== Part 5: Thematic Analysis & Key Sequels =====
==== Core Themes: Security vs. Freedom ====
At its heart, //Civil War// is a story about the classic philosophical conflict between security and freedom.
  * **Iron Man's Position (Security):** Tony Stark, haunted by his creation of Ultron, argues for proactive control. He believes that unchecked power inevitably leads to tragedy and that submitting to oversight is a necessary sacrifice for the greater good. His perspective is utilitarian; the safety of the many outweighs the absolute freedom of the few.
  * **Captain America's Position (Freedom):** Steve Rogers, having witnessed HYDRA's infiltration of S.H.I.E.L.D., has a deep-seated and justified distrust of powerful institutions. He argues that giving up freedom for security means you will ultimately have neither. He believes power is safest in the hands of individuals with strong moral character, as institutions and committees can be corrupted, manipulated, or bogged down by bureaucracy.
==== Civil War II ====
In 2016, Marvel Comics published a sequel storyline, //Civil War II//, written by Brian Michael Bendis. This event centered on a newly emerged Inhuman named Ulysses, who could predict the future with a high degree of accuracy. The conflict arose between two new factions:
  * **Captain Marvel (Carol Danvers):** Argued for "predictive justice," using Ulysses' visions to stop future crimes and disasters before they happened.
  * **Iron Man (Tony Stark):** Argued against it, believing that the future is not fixed and that you cannot punish people for crimes they haven't yet committed.
The event was highly controversial and is generally considered by fans and critics to be inferior to the original. Its major consequences included the death of James Rhodes (War Machine) and Bruce Banner (The Hulk), and it ended with Tony Stark being put into a coma, deepening the ideological schisms in the hero community.
===== Part 6: Variants and Alternative Versions =====
  * **//What If? Civil War// (Earth-717):** This 2007 one-shot comic explored two alternate endings. In one, Captain America leads a successful resistance and becomes President of the United States. In the other, Iron Man wins the war so decisively that he establishes a fascistic global regime, which is eventually overthrown when he confesses his sins to a new Captain America.
  * **//Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2//:** This 2009 video game directly adapted the Civil War storyline, allowing the player to choose whether to side with the Pro- or Anti-Registration factions. The story featured a unique twist where the conflict is interrupted by the spread of "The Fold," a techno-organic virus, forcing the two sides to unite.
  * **//Secret Wars// (2015):** During the massive //Secret Wars// event, one of the domains of Battleworld was the "Warzone," a territory where the Civil War never ended. The conflict had been raging for years, with both Stark and Rogers leading their respective nations in a perpetual state of war.
  * **//Captain America: Civil War// (MCU-Novelization):** The official junior novelization of the film includes several deleted scenes, such as a moment where Captain America briefly considers signing the Accords and a scene where Natasha Romanoff visits the hospitalized survivors of the Lagos incident, reinforcing her eventual decision to support the Accords.
===== See Also =====
  * [[captain_america|Steve Rogers]]
  * [[iron_man|Tony Stark]]
  * [[avengers]]
  * [[superhuman_registration_act]]
  * [[sokovia_accords]]
  * [[the_death_of_captain_america]]
  * [[secret_invasion]]
  * [[helmut_zemo]]
  * [[winter_soldier|Bucky Barnes]]
===== Notes and Trivia =====
((The original comic series was planned with Bryan Hitch as the artist, but scheduling conflicts led to Steve McNiven taking over.))
((Mark Millar originally pitched the idea as "Marvel vs. DC," but when that was not feasible, he reframed the conflict as an internal one.))
((In the comics, Daredevil is a prominent member of Captain America's Secret Avengers. However, it is later revealed that this is actually Danny Rand, the Iron Fist, wearing the Daredevil costume at Matt Murdock's request, as Murdock was incarcerated at the time.))
((The MCU film's famous "airport splash page" shot, featuring the two teams charging at each other, is a direct homage to a similar two-page spread in the comic drawn by Steve McNiven.))
((Robert Downey Jr.'s contract was a major negotiation point for the film. Initially, //Captain America 3// was intended to be a smaller-scale film focusing on the Winter Soldier and Zemo. Downey's agreement to participate allowed the story to be expanded into the //Civil War// adaptation.))
((The character of Spider-Man's inclusion in the MCU film was the result of a landmark deal between Sony Pictures (who owned the film rights) and Marvel Studios, allowing the character to appear in the MCU. His role in the film mirrors his role in the comic as a young hero caught between the two ideological titans.))
((In the Earth-616 comics, Miriam Sharpe, the mother of a child killed in the Stamford Incident, is the civilian who confronts Tony Stark and convinces him to support registration. In the MCU, her role is mirrored by Miriam Spencer (played by Alfre Woodard), who confronts Tony about the death of her son in Sokovia.))
((The death of Goliath in the comics was a major shock. Writer Mark Millar stated he chose to kill a beloved, respected African-American hero to show the genuine, tragic cost of the war and to ensure the conflict couldn't be easily resolved.))
((Helmut Zemo's MCU backstory is a complete departure from his comic book origins. In the comics, he is Baron Zemo, a legacy HYDRA villain and the son of a Nazi scientist who fought Captain America in World War II. The filmmakers changed his origin to be a victim of the Avengers' actions to give him a more sympathetic and personal motivation.))
((Source: Millar, Mark. //Civil War//. Marvel Comics, 2006-2007.))
((Source: Russo, Anthony & Joe, dirs. //Captain America: Civil War//. Marvel Studios, 2016.))